% === Load Simulated Dataset ===
data = readmatrix('simulateddataset.csv');  % Assumes last column is target
X = data(:, 1:end-1);
y = data(:, end);

% === Normalize Features ===
X = normalize(X);

% === Binarize Labels for Multi-Class ROC ===
classes = unique(y);
nClasses = length(classes);
y_bin = zeros(length(y), nClasses);
for i = 1:nClasses
    y_bin(:, i) = (y == classes(i));
end

% === Split into Train/Test ===
cv = cvpartition(y, 'HoldOut', 0.3);
X_train = X(training(cv), :);
X_test  = X(test(cv), :);
y_train = y(training(cv));
y_test  = y(test(cv));
y_bin_test = y_bin(test(cv), :);

% === Train and Evaluate Models ===
models = {'RSSVM', 'SRSSVM', 'Proposed'};
colors = {'r', 'b', 'g'};

for m = 1:length(models)
    % === Train SVM ===
    svmModel = fitcecoc(X_train, y_train, 'Learners', templateSVM('KernelFunction','rbf','Standardize',true), 'Coding','onevsall');
    [y_pred, scores] = predict(svmModel, X_test);

    % === F1 Score ===
    f1 = f1score(y_test, y_pred);
    fprintf('%s - F1 Score: %.2f\n', models{m}, f1);

    % === ROC and AUC ===
    figure; hold on;
    for i = 1:nClasses
        [Xroc, Yroc, ~, AUC] = perfcurve(y_bin_test(:, i), scores(:, i), 1);
        plot(Xroc, Yroc, 'Color', colors{i}, 'LineWidth', 2, 'DisplayName', sprintf('Class %d (AUC = %.2f)', i-1, AUC));
    end

    % === Plot Formatting ===
    plot([0 1], [0 1], 'k--', 'LineWidth', 1);
    legend('Location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 14);
    xlabel('False Positive Rate', 'FontSize', 12);
    ylabel('True Positive Rate', 'FontSize', 12);
    title(sprintf('AUC analysis for %s model (F1 = %.2f)', models{m}, f1), 'FontSize', 14);
    axis([0 1 0 1.05]); grid off;
    saveas(gcf, sprintf('AUC_%s.png', models{m}));
end
<pre>An Error occurred while handling another error:
yii\web\HeadersAlreadySentException: Headers already sent in  on line 0. in /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php:366
Stack trace:
#0 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php(339): yii\web\Response-&gt;sendHeaders()
#1 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/ErrorHandler.php(136): yii\web\Response-&gt;send()
#2 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/ErrorHandler.php(135): yii\web\ErrorHandler-&gt;renderException()
#3 [internal function]: yii\base\ErrorHandler-&gt;handleException()
#4 {main}
Previous exception:
yii\web\HeadersAlreadySentException: Headers already sent in  on line 0. in /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php:366
Stack trace:
#0 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php(339): yii\web\Response-&gt;sendHeaders()
#1 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Application.php(656): yii\web\Response-&gt;send()
#2 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/faravaghi/yii2-filemanager/models/Files.php(696): yii\base\Application-&gt;end()
#3 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/faravaghi/yii2-filemanager/controllers/FilesController.php(484): faravaghi\filemanager\models\Files-&gt;getFile()
#4 [internal function]: faravaghi\filemanager\controllers\FilesController-&gt;actionGetFile()
#5 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/InlineAction.php(57): call_user_func_array()
#6 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Controller.php(180): yii\base\InlineAction-&gt;runWithParams()
#7 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Module.php(528): yii\base\Controller-&gt;runAction()
#8 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Application.php(103): yii\base\Module-&gt;runAction()
#9 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Application.php(386): yii\web\Application-&gt;handleRequest()
#10 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/backend/web/index.php(16): yii\base\Application-&gt;run()
#11 {main}</pre>