% === Load Leukemia Dataset ===
data = readtable('leukemia.xlsx');  
X = table2array(data(:, 1:end-1));
y = table2array(data(:, end));

% === Normalize Features ===
X = normalize(X);

% === Binarize Labels for Multi-Class ROC ===
classes = unique(y);
nClasses = length(classes);
y_bin = zeros(length(y), nClasses);
for i = 1:nClasses
    y_bin(:, i) = (y == classes(i));
end

% === Split into Train/Test ===
cv = cvpartition(y, 'HoldOut', 0.3);
X_train = X(training(cv), :);
X_test  = X(test(cv), :);
y_train = y(training(cv));
y_test  = y(test(cv));
y_bin_test = y_bin(test(cv), :);

% === Train SVM Model ===
svmModel = fitcecoc(X_train, y_train, ...
    'Learners', templateSVM('KernelFunction','rbf','Standardize',true), ...
    'Coding','onevsall');

% === Predict and Score ===
[y_pred, scores] = predict(svmModel, X_test);

% === F1 Score (Weighted) ===
f1 = f1score(y_test, y_pred);  % Custom function below
fprintf('Leukemia Dataset - F1 Score: %.2f\n', f1);

% === ROC and AUC Plot ===
colors = {'r', 'b', 'g'};
figure; hold on;
for i = 1:nClasses
    [Xroc, Yroc, ~, AUC] = perfcurve(y_bin_test(:, i), scores(:, i), 1);
    plot(Xroc, Yroc, 'Color', colors{i}, 'LineWidth', 2, ...
        'DisplayName', sprintf('Class %d (AUC = %.2f)', i-1, AUC));
end

% === Plot Formatting ===
plot([0 1], [0 1], 'k--', 'LineWidth', 1);
legend('Location', 'southeast', 'FontSize', 14);
xlabel('False Positive Rate', 'FontSize', 12);
ylabel('True Positive Rate', 'FontSize', 12);
title(sprintf('AUC analysis for Proposed model (F1 = %.2f)', f1), 'FontSize', 14);
axis([0 1 0 1.05]); grid on;
saveas(gcf, 'AUC_Leukemia_Proposed.png');

function f1 = f1score(y_true, y_pred)
    classes = unique(y_true);
    f1s = zeros(length(classes),1);
    for i = 1:length(classes)
        c = classes(i);
        tp = sum((y_pred == c) & (y_true == c));
        fp = sum((y_pred == c) & (y_true ~= c));
        fn = sum((y_pred ~= c) & (y_true == c));
        precision = tp / (tp + fp + eps);
        recall = tp / (tp + fn + eps);
        f1s(i) = 2 * (precision * recall) / (precision + recall + eps);
    end
    support = histcounts(y_true, [classes; max(classes)+1]);
    f1 = sum(f1s .* support') / sum(support);
end

<pre>An Error occurred while handling another error:
yii\web\HeadersAlreadySentException: Headers already sent in  on line 0. in /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php:366
Stack trace:
#0 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php(339): yii\web\Response-&gt;sendHeaders()
#1 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/ErrorHandler.php(136): yii\web\Response-&gt;send()
#2 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/ErrorHandler.php(135): yii\web\ErrorHandler-&gt;renderException()
#3 [internal function]: yii\base\ErrorHandler-&gt;handleException()
#4 {main}
Previous exception:
yii\web\HeadersAlreadySentException: Headers already sent in  on line 0. in /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php:366
Stack trace:
#0 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Response.php(339): yii\web\Response-&gt;sendHeaders()
#1 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Application.php(656): yii\web\Response-&gt;send()
#2 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/faravaghi/yii2-filemanager/models/Files.php(696): yii\base\Application-&gt;end()
#3 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/faravaghi/yii2-filemanager/controllers/FilesController.php(484): faravaghi\filemanager\models\Files-&gt;getFile()
#4 [internal function]: faravaghi\filemanager\controllers\FilesController-&gt;actionGetFile()
#5 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/InlineAction.php(57): call_user_func_array()
#6 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Controller.php(180): yii\base\InlineAction-&gt;runWithParams()
#7 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Module.php(528): yii\base\Controller-&gt;runAction()
#8 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/web/Application.php(103): yii\base\Module-&gt;runAction()
#9 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/vendor/yiisoft/yii2/base/Application.php(386): yii\web\Application-&gt;handleRequest()
#10 /var/www/html/prof-homepages/backend/web/index.php(16): yii\base\Application-&gt;run()
#11 {main}</pre>